Gustilo–Anderson Classification

Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. Introduced types I–III; type III covered severe soft-tissue injury, segmental fractures and traumatic amputations.

Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. Subdivided type III into IIIA (adequate soft-tissue coverage), IIIB (soft-tissue loss with periosteal stripping and bone exposure) and IIIC (arterial injury requiring repair); wound sepsis 4 / 52 / 42 % and amputation 0 / 16 / 42 %.

Kim PH, Leopold SS. In brief: Gustilo-Anderson classification. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2012 — summary of the type definitions. Management (antibiotics, debridement, coverage) follows the local pathway.