Blood Gas Interpretation

Habib T, Nair A, Murphy S, Saeed H, Ishaya N. Mastering blood gas interpretation: a practical guide for primary care providers. Five-step approach used here: oxygenation, pH, primary disorder with expected compensation (Table 2), anion gap with albumin correction, and the delta gap.

Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Quantitative displacement of acid-base equilibrium in metabolic acidosis. Origin of the expected PaCO₂ in metabolic acidosis (1.5 × HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2).