Needed a drink first thing in the morning (eye-opener)
Evidence
Original publication
Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire.
JAMA, 1984
Open source
Validation
Bush B, Shaw S, Cleary P, Delbanco TL, Aronson MD. Screening for alcohol abuse using the CAGE questionnaire. Reported sensitivity and specificity of the ≥2 threshold against structured interview.
American Journal of Medicine, 1987
Open source
Last reviewed: 2026-09
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