المنشور الأصلي
Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Quantitative displacement of acid-base equilibrium in metabolic acidosis. In sustained metabolic acidosis the respiratory response fell along the line PaCO₂ ≈ 1.5·[HCO₃⁻] + 8, within roughly ± 2 mmHg.
Annals of Internal Medicine, 1967
الإرشادات
Winter's formula is standard in acid-base teaching and practice: a measured PaCO₂ above the predicted range indicates a superimposed respiratory acidosis, and one below it a superimposed respiratory alkalosis. It applies to a simple metabolic acidosis, not to acute changes still evolving.